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Intranasal drug administration in the out-of-hospital setting: a narrative review of the literature
In the context of out-of-hospital emergencies, the need for timely but at the same time highly effective pharmacological treatment of the patient is common, two qualities that are not always easy to combine. The intravenous route is considered in the literature to be the gold standard in emergency settings because of its high efficacy, but finding venous access, in the complex and varied out-of-hospital environment, can be difficult or impossible, leading to delayed patient treatment. No less important is the issue related to accidental needle sticks, a critical issue that is exacerbated in the hectic moments of an emergency, especially in the precarious pre-hospital settings. The objective of this review is to understand how intranasal drug administration is an alternative route in the out-of-hospital setting in terms of efficacy, speed, ease of use and safety.
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How to Cite
Izzo, L. L., Trapassi, S., & Righi, L. (2022). Intranasal drug administration in the out-of-hospital setting: a narrative review of the literature. Scenario® - Il Nursing Nella Sopravvivenza, 39(2), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.4081/scenario.2022.512
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