https://doi.org/10.4081/scenario.2017.27
La polmonite associata a ventilazione (VAP): l’importanza dell’assistenza infermieristica
Ricevuto: 3 gennaio 2018
Accettato: 3 gennaio 2018
Pubblicato: 1 aprile 2017
Accettato: 3 gennaio 2018
Abstract Views: 781
PDF: 183
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Autori
Obiettivo: L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è quello di fornire indicazioni riguardanti le migliori strategie di prevenzione della VAP, individuando quali sono gli interventi ritenuti efficaci a questo scopo e con quali modalità devono essere attuati.
Materiali e metodi: È stata eseguita una revisione di letteratura utilizzando le parole chiave “Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associatedâ€, “Nursingâ€, “Ventilators, Mechanicalâ€, “Pneumonia, Bacterialâ€, “Infection Controlâ€, “Oral Hygieneâ€, “Intensive Care Unitsâ€, “Patient Care Bundlesâ€.
Risultati: I fattori che possono portare allo sviluppo di VAP comprendono: la colonizzazione batterica dell’area orofaringea; l’aspirazione delle secrezioni subglottiche; la colonizzazione della placca dentale da parte di patogeni respiratori. Ai fattori elencati si possono aggiungere anche l’acquisizione esogena di microrganismi dalle mani del personale sanitario o attraverso apparecchiatura respiratoria contaminata. Dall’analisi della letteratura effettuata sono state identificate diverse strategie assistenziali, per la prevenzione della VAP, esse sono le seguenti: (1) Igiene del cavo orale; (2) Posizionamento del paziente; (3) Prevenzione dell’aspirazione e della sovradistensione gastrica durante la nutrizione enterale; (4) Gestione della cuffia del tubo endotracheale; (5) Aspirazione sottoglottica delle secrezioni; (6) Gestione del circuito respiratorio e dei presidi di ventilazione. Alla base di questi interventi assistenziali vi è l’assunzione delle corrette misure igieniche, che devono essere considerate le vere misure profilattiche dell’infezione.
Conclusioni: La prevenzione viene definita come “il modo più efficace per ridurre la VAPâ€; il personale infermieristico si può infatti avvalere di varie strategie assistenziali finalizzate a ridurre l’incidenza di questa pericolosa infezione. Le evidenze raccomandano quindi l’implementazione di programmi di formazione per aumentare la consapevolezza del personale sanitario rispetto alle migliori evidenze e pratiche per la prevenzione di VAP.
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Come citare
Corso, M., & Collodel, V. (2017). La polmonite associata a ventilazione (VAP): l’importanza dell’assistenza infermieristica. Scenario® - Il Nursing Nella Sopravvivenza, 34(2), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.4081/scenario.2017.27
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